Coronavirus Research News

Geert Molenberghs (UHasselt and KU Leuven), Pierre Van Damme (UAntwerpen), Sarah Vercruysse (UHasselt), Niel Hens (UHasselt and UAntwerpen) - July 2020

It has often been claimed that the infection with SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, is overrated and has led to global hysteria. A large variety of arguments have been used to underscore this position. For example, in Belgium up to now only 40 people have died from COVID-19, under the age of 45. If we add the age segment from 45 to 65 years of age, we have an additional 500 deaths. So, for people under 65, the mortality has not even increased when compared to what is typically seen. A suggestion often heard is to separate the younger from the older generation, with a cutoff at age 65, to then protect the older generation, and let the younger generation go on with their life and keep the economy going.

Indeed, that is what we often hear…

Symptoms, effects and fatality

It is true that many people who get infected live through it without symptoms, or with mild symtoms at best. Unfortunately, roughly a fifth of the patients develop serious symptoms and are admitted to hospital. A good fraction is admitted to intensive care. Depending on the country, between 0.5% and 1.5% or more of the patients do not make it.

For Belgium, the first wave (March – June 2020) led to roughly 10,000 deaths. The vast majority occurred among the elderly population, given the steep infection fatality rate curve. Men of 85+ years had an infection fatality rate of 13%, for females this was 11%. So, one in six 85+ males who were infected died, with one in nine females who got infected passed away.

It is true that children are relatively unaffected: their infection rate is low, and mortality remains an exception. Post-puberty youngsters tend to get infected much more easily, and really many live through it well. However, also in this group a sizeable fraction gets critically ill, with sometimes weeks in intensive care, in coma, with ventilation, and long rehabilitation afterwards.

We are seeing better and better that also people with mild to moderate infections still show quite severe damage: to the lungs, but also to the heart. Cardiovascular problems are coming to surface now: scar tissue in the heart, leading to arrhythmias, that apart from being uncomfortable, will lead to increased risk of heart attacks. These conditions are seen in young people with mild infections. So, when people say: “Let us contract COVID-19, get over it, and then get on with our life.” It is like playing Russian roulette: there is a small risk of dying, but a considerable risk of coming off with heart and/or lung damage. In addition, there is more and more evidence of brain damage.

These effects get worse and worse with increasing age.

Infection: incubation time and superspreaders

The incubation time is relatively long, roughly a week. One of the many tricky things with this infection is that people are infectious, and often very infectious, 4 days before they develop symptoms. Another one is the occurrence of superspreaders and superspreading events. We did not even know that so very well in February-March 2020, but it has become clearer and clearer. It has been suggested that the prevalence of superspreaders might be increasing, but this requires careful study.

Immunity

Another key aspect that unfortunately we do not understand at this time is how the immunity works. Antibodies take a while before being detectable, then the antibodies wane again. So, immunity might work in a different way, e.g., via T cells. How long does protection last? Will it be complete or partial protection? We just do not know yet. It is too early for that.

Back to normality?

To lead a carefully redesigned normal life, we need to work on several levels:

• People should observe the key social distancing and hygienic rules.
• Social contact should be done with care.
• Governments need to have contact tracing and cluster follow up in place.
• We need antiviral medication. The more there are, and the better they work, the more will we be able to mitigate symptoms, to avoid people from developing a very serious form of the illness.
• Evidently, we need a vaccine, and this may take some time. While the speed of vaccine development is unprecedented, the careful assessment of a vaccine’s safety and efficacy takes some time. In the long run, the virus may become milder and milder; but we should not count on that happening too quickly. Our hope rests on the vaccine.

Remember April 2020

The month of April 2020 in Belgium was the most deadly month of April since World War II. There were a few months of January and February in the 1950s and 1960s that were about equally deadly, because of flu pandemics. However, there were no social distance measures put in place. Should we have had no measures like that, there is a huge risk that we would have had between 50,000 and a quarter million deaths – rivaling the Spanish Flu. This is because an unmitigated pandemic would likely lead to a completely overwhelmed health care system. We have been seeing that around the world, including mass graves in cities like New York City.

Flatten the curve of the second wave

A second wave of the epidemic is potentially more dangerous because it tends to set off against the background of a good amount of virus circulating while the majority of the population is still susceptible. This is why we need to make sure that we flatten the curve and make it go down until we reach a very low level of viral circulation. New Zealand and Finland have been doing that, and people there can lead a reasonably normal life.

Vaccinopolis

Belgium invests in contained facility and laboratories for testing vaccines. 
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