Research Karolien De Wael

Abstract

The progressive size diminution of electronic modules are undergoing bottlenecks in dwindling charge storage devices i.e., batteries and supercapacitors, constraining their development into wearable energy storage and flexible pollution free technologies. The inherent extended cycle life, rapid charge/discharge, and high power density of supercapacitors rank them superior over other energy storage systems. In modern market of zero-pollution energy devices, recently flexible and lightweight formula are trending to meet the current requirement of wearable energy storage. In this context, cellulose nanofiber (CNFs) incorporated zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) as hybridization have the potential to meet this demand, as they are core of active electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors and texturally tailored to demonstrate flexible/foldable properties. Thus, the exploration of the ZIF on CNF as a multifunctional hybrid material will provide high surface area and dispersion stability, while demonstrating superior analytical performance. FLEXSTORE will elucidate: 1) uniform distribution of ZIF nanocrystals on interface of CNF as conductive electrode 2) the rational design of polymer solid-state gel electrolyte in form of flexible solid-state supercapacitor and 3) the enhanced charge storage performance withstanding the mechanical deformation. With these perspectives, FLEXSTORE will introduce flexible and lightweight active compounds for wearable energy storage devices

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Screen-printed electrodes are a versatile, cost-effective, and scalable solution for developing customized electrochemical sensors and devices across various applications. Our service specializes in the design, development, and production of high-quality screen-printed electrodes tailored to meet specific needs in fields such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and energy storage. Leveraging advanced manufacturing techniques and state-of-the-art materials, we provide a wide range of electrode configurations, substrates, and conductive inks to ensure optimal performance for diverse use cases. Our expertise extends to producing electrodes with high reproducibility, precise geometries, and customizable surface modifications to enable specific detection mechanisms or enhance sensitivity.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), an aggressive cancer of the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, is unfortunately often diagnosed in the late stage, leading to limited treatment options and subsequently to poor prognosis (5-year overall survival rates of 7-20%). Late-stage, unresectable disease is typically tested for FGFR2 fusions in tissue samples. However, diagnostic tissue samples often fail to capture the heterogeneity of the disease and may be inaccessible or risky to obtain. Liquid biopsies offer a promising minimally invasive alternative. While existing molecular techniques for gene fusion detection, such as FISH, RT-qPCR, and targeted RNA sequencing, have shown efficacy, they possess limitations in terms of speed, cost, multiplexing (i.e., simultaneous detection of different markers in the same sample), technical complexity and adaptability to liquid biopsies. To address these challenges, we propose a novel enzyme-free approach utilizing a singlet oxygen-based photoelectrochemical (1O2-PEC) platform for the fusion partner-agnostic detection of FGFR2 fusions in CCA patients. This platform offers high sensitivity, rapidity, ease-of-use, possibility for multiplexing, and is cost-effective. During the project, we will develop highly specific probes, evaluate their performance and determine the minimal sample preparation for tissue and liquid biopsies as a first push towards the routine clinical practice.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Koljenovic Senada
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Vandamme Timon
• Fellow: Arnouts Jorine

Research team(s)

• Center for Oncological Research (CORE)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The drug situation in the European Union (EU), esp. Belgium, is very worrying with record numbers of illicit drug seizures and consumption. Current techniques for on-site detection of drugs lack accuracy and sensitivity, while laboratory gold standard techniques are time-consuming and expensive. Electrochemical sensors have great potential, due to their high portability, rapid measurements and affordability. Unfortunately, they nowadays require repeating sub-sampling and manual addition of chemicals. Additional complications include overlap, suppression and shifting of the electrochemical peaks in the presence of adulterants/cutting agents in street samples, giving false negative and positive results. This project aims to develop a novel microfluidic platform for on-site drug detection, that will automatize the sample preparation and analysis procedure, reducing the time of analysis and the risk of human error. The platform will contain four channels with different buffers and derivatizing agents coupled to electrochemical sensors. With the help of chemometric analysis, a very fast (<2 min) and very selective (>95%) simultaneous identification of common drugs in the EU will be enabled in a user-friendly way. This includes cocaine, heroin, ketamine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA, in complex mixtures with adulterants/cutting agents and in colored samples. The technology will be validated on real illicit drug samples at customs and police field sites.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Stratulat Alexandr

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapeutic drugs are the backbone of several treatment regimens for solid tumors due to their therapeutic efficacy. The active compound, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), causes cumulative damage to the genetic material of cancer cells but is also associated with a narrow therapeutic window, leading to a high risk of severe adverse events. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), encoded by the DPYD gene, mitigates these toxicities by converting 85% of 5-FU into a non-toxic compound. DPD deficiency can lead to severe consequences due to high systemic exposure of 5-FU. Therefore, it is crucial to screen for pathogenic DPYD variants, that lead to a reduced DPD activity. The current genotyping strategy relies on series of extraction steps from whole blood, extended hands-on-time, lengthy analytical procedures and skilled personnel. This results in increased complexity and a turnaround time of two to four weeks, causing a significant treatment delay. To simplify and expedite DPYD genotyping, this project will employ a technology involving strand displacement, hybridization chain reaction and photoelectrochemical biosensing. This innovative strategy aims for reliable DPYD variant detection in whole blood samples and reduces analytical time-to-results, leading to a turnaround time of less than an hour. Accordingly, implementation of this strategy will minimize treatment delays, thereby improving patient outcomes, and lay the foundation for a point-of-care device.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Peymen Anouk

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Inspired by the European Union (EU) commission, this project aims to address a major societal challenge: fighting cancer. The EU has ambitious goals, such as saving more than three million lives and improving diagnosis and treatment for everyone in Europe. MutArray will contribute to achieve them by providing fast, affordable and reliable diagnosis and monitoring for colorectal cancer (CRC), which is the second leading cause of cancer deaths globally. Accurate detection of clinical biomarkers is a priority, requiring analytical devices that enable rapid analysis with high specificity and sensitivity. Electrochemical bioplatforms are emerging tools for diagnostic systems thanks to their inherent simplicity, cost and time effectiveness, which are the limitations of current clinical technologies. MutArray will focus on the development of a 96-well plate multiplexed bioplatform based on the use of the singlet oxygen-mediated photoelectrochemistry, locked nucleic acids (LNA) probes and the CRISPR/Cas system for the specific detection of CRC biomarkers, such as single nucleotide variations (SNVs). Both solid (tissue) and liquid (plasma) biopsies from CRC patients will be analyzed and clinically validated for SNV detection in the KRAS oncogene. This novel approach can be used to detect any nucleic acid biomarker and will ensure the translation from a laboratory technology to a benchtop device for clinicians and hospital settings that positively impacts the fight against cancer.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Vandamme Timon
• Fellow: Valverde De La Fuente Alejandro

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Nanomaterials already have become indispensable in numerous modern technologies that impact our society. It recently became clear that their coupling with light holds significant promise for innovative developments that may open the route to novel light-driven applications in energy storage, photoelectrochemical sensing, photovoltaics, photocatalysis, drug delivery, and more. Incorporation in actual applications will, however, strongly depend on a deep understanding of the factors that influence the structure-property connection, an improved stability as well as on their technoeconomic and environmental performance. To tackle these crucial challenges, the Nano-Light consortium emerges as a unique and multidisciplinary platform. The consortium brings together extensive expertise in nanoscience covering the synthesis of photoactive nanostructures, advanced electron microscopy and X-ray characterisation, computational materials science, applied nanoengineering and techno-sustainability assessments. By combining cutting-edge (3D) transmission electron microscopy with advanced light sources and environmental holders, the consortium aims to optimize the interaction between nanomaterials and light under working conditions. Such experiments are extremely challenging, but if successful, they will yield unprecedented insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. By exploiting a synergistic approach, one of the primary objectives of the consortium is to obtain comprehensive understanding on how nanomaterials absorb, scatter, emit, or manipulate light, thereby providing crucial knowledge for the design and optimization of next-generation technologies. Such understanding will be crucial for applications in which light plays a beneficial enabling role or, conversely, in scenarios where light accelerates the degradation of the behaviour of the nanomaterials. These areas include the plasmonic chiroptic nanoparticles for early disease detection, overcoming light degradation of pigments in art conservation or (perovskite) photovoltaic nanomaterials for solar cells or X-ray detectors, plasmon-enabled biosensing and light–driven drug delivery in nano-medicine applications, photo(-electro)catalytic hydrogen production or CO2 conversion. Furthermore, the consortium will develop techno-economic and environmental assessments at early technology readiness levels for the envisioned nanotechnological applications to promote safe and sustainable technological solutions. These goals of Nano-Light are in excellent agreement with the sustainable research and innovation goals put forward by the EU. As such, the research conducted under the Nano-Light consortium will strengthen the position of UAntwerp on the European map as an established nanoscience centre leading to further collaborations in the field of nanotechnology and related technologies.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Bals Sara
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Janssens Koen
• Co-promoter: Milosevic Milorad
• Co-promoter: Van Aert Sandra
• Co-promoter: Van Passel Steven
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy

Research team(s)

• Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)

Project website

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Inspired by the mission of the EU commission, this project commits to tackling a major societal challenge, i.e., fighting cancer. A striking target for 2030 has been set by the EU: more than 3 million lives saved, living longer and better, achieve a thorough understanding of cancer, prevent what is preventable, optimize diagnosis and treatment, support the quality of life of all people exposed to cancer, and ensure equitable access to the above across Europe. The SOCMA project will contribute to (early) diagnosis and follow up of the disease. More and more biomarkers are discovered and validated for cancer and the highly precise determination thereof is high on the priority list, necessitating analytical devices that allow rapid and accurate analysis with high selectivity and sensitivity. Electrochemical bioplatforms are emerging tools for point-of-care diagnostic systems due to their inherent simplicity, fast response, high sensitivity, and, most importantly, cost and time effectiveness, which are the limitations of current diagnostic technologies. SOCMA proposes the use of the singlet-oxygen mediated photoelectrochemistry for the selective and sensitive detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers (e.g., DNA point mutations in KRAS gene) through specific LNA capture probes and DNA amplification techniques such as RCA. This project will focus on the development of a multiplexed 96-well plate bioplatform that allow the detection and quantification of the selected DNA sequences both in tissue and liquid biopsies from patients diagnosed with CRC and PDAC, to ensure the translation from a laboratory technology to a device for clinicians and hospital settings that positively impacts the fight against cancer.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Valverde De La Fuente Alejandro

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Photosensitizers producing singlet oxygen play a key role in biomedical applications such as photodynamic therapy and novel photoelectrochemical detection of cancer biomarkers. However, these applications require dyes that have exceptional characteristics, i.e. a high singlet oxygen quantum yield, photostability and facile synthesis, surpassing those of existing state-of-the-art photosensitizers. To achieve this, PHOTOSO focusses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of rationally selected and novel photosensitizers, i.e. BODIPYs, N-confused porphyrins, chlorins, aza-BODIPYs and phthalocyanines. Additionally, the novel photosensitizers will be investigated for photodynamic therapy activity to determine if they are suitable for clinical trials. Finally, the photosensitizers will also be used in a novel singlet oxygen-based photoelectrochemical sensing strategy for the BRCA1 mutation, a biomarker for breast and ovarian cancer, with the aim of enhancing the sensitivity and robustness of the assay. Thus, on the long term, PHOTOSO will lead to a more accessible cancer therapy and an affordable diagnostic platform to detect cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Explosives are a threat to the well-being of our societies. This project will develop for the first time a smart, portable, fast (<1min) and highly accurate (>95%) electrochemical device for on-site detection of a large range of explosives. By creating electrochemical fingerprints of different classes of explosive materials (e.g. nitroalkanes, nitroaromatics, nitroamines, nitrate esters, acid salts and peroxides) using in-house manufactured screen printed electrodes employing the sensitive square wave voltammetry technique and portable potentiostats. Advanced data analysis will be done by an algorithm in the form of a software application. Moreover, electrode modifications with cutting edge layered nanomaterials such as graphdyne and MXene will be performed to enhance the selectivity and sensitivity towards explosives and to achieve low detection limits (nM-pM). The applied electrochemical sensing approach, through its high sensitivity and selectivity, might overcome the issues related to the existing on-site tests (e.g. canines, color detection kits), as it would reveal the unique fingerprint of each explosive as a voltammetric response, allowing at the same time its quantification. Hence, this technology might result in a 99% reliable, cheap (<€5) on-site detection device that is useable by non-experts.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project website

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Conventional electrolyzers for green hydrogen production comprise membranes or dividers that add to the overall complexity, cost, and maintenance of such systems. In addition, they impose stringent water purity requirements, while fresh water is (becoming a) scarce resource. As a solution, I propose an alternative reactor design that is simpler, robust and more cost-effective. Specifically, in this project I will study a membraneless photo-electrolyzer that produces hydrogen gas from (sea)water, solar light and/or renewable electricity sources. This new cell design is based on flow-mediated separation of the hydrogen and oxygen gas evolving from the photo-electrodes. This concept has recently been patented by the applicant. First advances will be made at the level of the photo-electrodes, by applying nanostructuring of the surface to decrease the bubble size, which in turn will favor gas separation and product purity (set at 99.5%). Secondly, for efficient photo-electrolysis, new optical enhancement mechanisms will be studied to push the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency towards the 10% target. Finally, to exploit the robustness of the cell design, the aim is to demonstrate the cell operation for both electrolysis and photo-electrolysis of sea-water through careful understanding of the crucial process parameters (e.g. pH).

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Verbruggen Sammy
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Borah Rituraj

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The number of outbreaks of arboviruses, such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, is increasing globally. These viruses are mainly transmitted by mosquitos in (sub)tropical regions and are responsible for a significant public health burden. Importantly, the population growth, urbanisation and climate change lead to an increase in the spread of arboviral diseases. The diagnosis of these viral infections is crucial to reduce the spread and reduce disease burden. Current diagnostic tools are, however, expensive and time-consuming or lack accuracy and sensitivity. Therefore, ArboSense has the ambition to develop a detection methodology for viral RNA that will reach beyond the capabilities of the state-of-the-art in terms of specificity, sensitivity, speed and the potential for panel analysis. The novelty of the methodology lies in the combination of photoelectrochemistry, in which light is used to trigger a signal, and rolling circle amplification. This combination allows the development of a methodology that can detect a panel of three important arboviruses (i.e. Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika) simultaneously with a limit of detection in the sub-femtomolar range. Finally, the methodology will be validated on clinical serum samples. The underlying methodology can in principle be used to detect any nucleic acid sequence and, therefore, has the potential to be further extended for a wider range of applications (i.e. bacterial infections, antimicrobial resistance and cancer biomarkers).

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Ariën Kevin
• Fellow: Daems Elise

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The European Green Deal aims at transforming the current European economy into one that is sustainable, climate neutral, and circular by 2050. Many current anthropogenic activities lead however, to the release of harmful contaminants, such as phenolic compounds, in the environment. There is a need for sensitive, easy-to-use sensors to monitor these contaminants. Peroxidases are very versatile enzymes that are able to oxidize or convert many molecules, including phenolic compounds. Biosensors based on horseradish peroxidase have shown to be promising for detection of phenolic compounds. This project focuses on the use of dye-decolorizing peroxidases to extend the potential target analyte molecules. The bottleneck in the development of protein-based biosensors concerns the immobilization of the proteins on suitable supports. Here, titania will be used as support because of their biocompatibility. The key conditions of protein immobilization will be varied and their influence on the enzyme structure and activity evaluated. EPR techniques in combination with electrochemistry will be used to characterize the involved peroxidases, titania, and hybrid materials. This will lead to in-depth molecular insight in the systems, allowing a more rational design of the hybrid materials for biosensing, biotechnology, and biocatalysis. Finally, novel electrochemical biosensors will be developed and evaluated.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Van Doorslaer Sabine
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Cleirbaut Robine

Research team(s)

• Theory and Spectroscopy of Molecules and Materials (TSM²)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Dengue virus is one of the 10 major threats to global health according to World Health Organization (2019). This (sub)tropical disease is transmitted by mosquitos and has a huge economic and societal impact worldwide. Predictions suggest that 60% of the world population will be at risk of infection by 2080 as a result of urbanization, population growth and rising temperatures. Hence, the availability of an affordable diagnostic tool with excellent analytical performances is essential. Current diagnostics, however, are expensive or lack in sensitivity and specificity. This project aims to develop a technology for RNA virus detection that is fast and cost-effective and has an outstanding specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, it will allow point-of-care testing, enabling its usage as an early warning system for potential outbreaks. To achieve this goal, photo-electrochemistry, in which the signal is triggered by light, will be combined with plasmonic nanoparticles. In this way the limit of detection will decrease to sub-femtomolar ranges. Finally, the laboratory technology will be validated on clinical serum samples and its performances will be compared to the gold standard reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Although this project is focused on dengue diagnosis, its underlying technology can be extended to detect other pathogens and has therefore the potential to play a key role in pandemic preparedness.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy
• Fellow: Op de Beeck Hannah

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This SEP subsidy will contribute to a resubmission of the PhotoCan proposal in which the uptake of a new detection platform in existing population-based screening programmes in Europe is the overarching goal. PhotoCan will contribute to the screening and early detection of cancer via the electrochemical detection of cancer (epi)genetic biomarkers. Those biomarkers are increasingly discovered and validated, but the applicability in everyday medical practice requires low-cost, rapid, accurate and sensitive detection devices. To achieve this, the combined use of electrochemical detection with light-triggered sensor technology for the specific and sensitive detection of preselected cancer (epi)genetic biomarkers is proposed. The application of this technology with single and multiplexing capabilities aims to advance and integrate the technology into prototypes demonstrated in a relevant environment both for screening of colorectal cancer (high incidence) and point-of-care testing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (low incidence). Via the involvement of oncologists, lab technicians, healthcare professionals, citizens (healthy and patients), screening programmes and health policy makers, PhotoCan will address the implementation requirements from the onset, leading to maximal uptake in existing population-based screening programmes, the creation of new EU-wide screening programmes and the creation of risk-based point-of-care early detection strategies for low incidence, deadly cancers. This SEP grant will be used to appoint a scientist to 1) establish a stronger network with more partners from different EU countries, characterized by different uptake numbers in population-based screening programmes, 2) perform experiments to detect cancer (epi)genetic biomarkers to have a stronger case inviting stakeholders in the field (screening programmes) and 3) coordinate the huge efforts to come to a resubmission, also addressing the feedback from the previous submission.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Op de Beeck Ken
• Co-promoter: Van Camp Guy

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This SEP grant will be used to introduce a new sensing paradigm in the field of nucleic acid based diagnostics of viral infections, which was the topic of a Pathfinder submission in 2022. This project will pave the way to create cost-efficient, ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection by connecting the power of singlet oxygen chemistry with the sustainability of electrochemistry. Nowadays, two different diagnostic tools are used to detect viruses during the acute phase of the infection. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction detects viral RNA and is the gold standard even though it requires specialized equipment and personnel. While the more economical and time-saving antigen test overcomes this limitation, it can only be used as an indicator due to poor sensitivity, especially in case of secondary infections. After the acute phase, infections can be diagnosed by antibody detection (i.e., serology). These tests pose drawbacks such as insufficient antibody levels during the first days of infection and cross-reactivity with related viruses. Moreover, it is impossible to distinguish between an occurring and a past infection. As the existing diagnostics are either too expensive or lack in sensitivity, our technology has the potential to be game-changing, providing an accurate test for viruses and early warning for outbreaks, thus giving the tools to minimize the likelihood of an epidemic or even a pandemic. A scientist will be appointed to design the capture and detection probes for the assay, with dengue virus as case study. We will design and test different multiple capture and detection probes specific to the four different dengue virus serotypes to maximize the specificity. Photoelectrochemical experiments will be performed. Those insights will significantly support new EU applications in the field of diagnostics. Given this new research direction and the high risk/high gain aspect of the project, this specific grant will allow us to establish proof of concepts, needed for more traditional funding agencies. A resubmission of a Pathfinder application is planned in 2024. The expected scientific outcomes of this project are: i) getting insights in a new diagnostic tool for virus detection, ii) design and testing of capture and detection probes for the assay and iii) overview of possible biotechnological strategies to be integrated to maximize the sensitivity.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. SOCan will contribute to the (early) diagnosis and follow up of cancer via a new disruptive detection platform, i.e. singlet oxygen-based photoelectrochemical detection of cancer biomarkers. Those biomarkers are increasingly discovered and validated, but the detection necessitates rapid, accurate and sensitive devices. To achieve this, the combined use of electrochemical detection with light-triggered sensor technology for the specific and sensitive detection of pre-selected DNA and RNA cancer biomarkers is proposed. The application of this technology on tissue and liquid biopsy samples will be a major contribution to the early detection of cancer. SOCan aligns with the EU Mission on Cancer and will lead to an affordable and sensitive diagnosis of cancer, reducing the time to result which allows faster and specific treatment, and thereby saving lives.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) exhibit clinical and biological heterogeneity, making diagnosis extremely challenging. Moreover, NENs tend to progress slowly necessitating long-term follow-up to monitor tumor growth and response to therapy. Current modalities for diagnosis and follow-up of NENs are primarily based on imaging and (repeated) tissue biopsies, but these suffer from several shortcomings which have a direct impact on patients' lives. Over the past few years, liquid biopsies have gained interest as a minimally-invasive way for rapid tumor detection and collection of molecular information of the tumor, with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as one of the most promising new markers. This ctDNA is the fraction of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) released by the tumor, that reflects both the genetic and epigenetic alterations of the tumor. Consequently, this project aims to leverage liquid biopsies to improve diagnostic accuracy in NENs and enable real-time monitoring of NEN patients. For this purpose, NEN-specific molecular alterations namely copy number alterations and differentially methylated CpGs will be identified and selected to enable detection and quantification of ctDNA. Since the gold standard detection methods, shallow whole genome sequencing and methylation arrays, respectively, are unable to detect very low concentrations of ctDNA, two alternative and highly sensitive multiplex assays based on DNA sequencing and photoelectrochemistry, respectively, will be employed.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Van Camp Guy
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Op de Beeck Ken
• Co-promoter: Peeters Marc
• Fellow: Mariën Laura

Research team(s)

• Medical Genetics (MEDGEN)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Inspired by the EU mission regarding fighting cancer, this project commits to contribute to tackle this major societal challenge. The "Europe's Beating Cancer Plan", presented in 2021, has four striking targets: prevention, reduce the time to diagnosis, optimize diagnosis and treatment using personalized medicine and support the quality of life of all people exposed to cancer. This project contributes to diagnosis and follow up of the disease using prostate cancer (PCa) as a case study. More and more biomarkers are discovered and validated for cancer and the highly precise determination thereof is high on the priority list, necessitating analytical devices that allow rapid and accurate analysis with high sensitivity. Therefore, I propose the combined use of electrochemical detection with a light-triggered sensing technology for the specific and selective photoelectrochemical detection of low concentrations of three different classes of PCa biomarkers (i.e. non-coding RNA, gene fusion transcript and DNA single nucleotide polymorphism). Through the development of a 96-well plate detection platform, I will be able to perform a panel analysis of those biomarkers in 96 samples simultaneously. Detection and quantification of the selected target sequences will be performed in three different liquid biopsies (i.e. urine, plasma and serum), to ensure the translation from a lab technology to a device for hospitals.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Bassini Simone

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Embedded samples will be analyzed by SEM-EDX and/or Raman microscopy. The cross-sections are examined with SEM-EDX. Using backscattered electron imaging, it is possible to visualize the sample with a contrast based on local mass density. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis allows us to obtain the highly localized chemical composition. In combination with the scanning nature of SEM, it is possible to create elemental distribution maps of the embedded samples. Raman microscopy can be used as a complementary technique.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has the potential to improve patients' quality of life and reduce the healthcare burden. Current TDM methods rely on embedded sensors in catheters or painful venous blood extraction with the analysis in centralised laboratories. This explains the need for non-invasive and real-time TDM through wearable and portable electrochemical devices. However, low limits of detection and continuous monitoring are still unsolved issues, with the biofouling process occurring at the electrode's surface being the main bottleneck. Therefore, the exploration of nanoporous gold (np-Au) as a functional material in microneedles (MN) will provide anti-biofouling features while exhibiting excellent analytical performance. Indeed, protein adsorption (the main cause of biofouling) only occurs at the outer level of the nanoporous material leaving most of the electroactive sites available for the electrochemical process. Microsen will elucidate: 1) the fundamental electrochemical processes at a nanoporous surface, 2) the relationship between the np-Au structure and protein adsorption, and 3) the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of the target molecules, methotrexate and esketamine, using np-Au. By doing, Microsen will introduce novel MN sensors for methotrexate and esketamine to allow long-term monitoring for painless TDM in chemotherapy and depression treatment respectively.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Bals Sara
• Fellow: Parrilla Pons Marc

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Embedded paint fragments will be analyzed using SEM-EDX and/or Raman microscopy. The aim of the conducted analyses is to distinguish and identify all present paint layers and used pigments and provide valuable information on the painting techniques or possible pigment degradation. Paint fragments are embedded typically in acrylic/epoxy resin and cross-sectioned, these are subsequently polished and prepared for SEM-EDX analysis by carbon coating. The cross-sections are examined by SEM-EDX. Using backscattered electron imaging (BEI) it is possible to visualize the paint fragment with a contrast based on local mass density. Therefore, heavier pigment grains, e.g. lead white, will have a higher grey value compared to organic binder material. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis allows us to obtain the very local chemical composition which can be used to identify present pigment grains. In combination with the scanning character of SEM it is possible to create elemental distribution maps of the embedded paint fragments. Raman microscopy can be applied as complementary technique. In addition to the elemental composition determined by SEM-EDX it is possible to obtain the chemical speciation of present pigment grains on a comparable microscopical scale. Not only can this be done by a point-by-point analysis but is also possible to create two-dimensional distribution maps of the paint cross-section.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Recently, an entirely novel type of bacteria has been discovered that can guide high electrical currents over centimeterlong distances through long, thin fibers embedded in the cell envelope. Recent studies by PRINGLE consortium members reveal that these protein fibers possess extraordinarRecently, an entirely novel type of bacteria has been discovered that can guide high electrical currents over centimeter-long distances through long, thin fibers embedded in the cell envelope. Recent studies by PRINGLE consortium members reveal that these protein fibers possess extraordinary electrical properties, including an electrical conductivity that exceeds that of any known biological material by orders of magnitude. The ambition of PRINGLE is to unlock the vast technological potential of this newly discovered biomaterial. To this end, we propose to utilize custom-crafted protein structures as elementary active and passive components in a new generation of biocompatible and biodegradable electronic devices. The resulting long-term technological vision is to establish a radically new type of electronics (PROTEONICS) that is entirely bio-based and CO2 neutral, and in which protein components can provide different all types of electronic functionality. PRINGLE will provide the fundamental and technological basis for PROTEONICS by (1) developing fabrication and patterning technologies for proteonic materials and nanostructures, (2) tuning the electronic properties of these proteonic materialsin a fit-for-purpose manner, and (3) integrating proteonic materials as functional components into all-protein electronic devices. As such, PRINGLEbased technology could provide a significant breakthrough towards next generation electronics applications in a circular economy, opening entirely new avenues for interfacing biological systems with electronics and allowing completely new sustainable production and recycling pathways for electronic components.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Geobiology

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Through femtosecond pulsed laser micromachining a wide variety of materials such as ceramics (e.g. glass), hard metals (e.g. Hastelloy), and polymers can be processed with microscale resolution, offering innovation and beyond state-of-the-art research opportunities. To name a few, the planned research infrastructure would allow to tune the catalytic properties of surfaces, to enhance flow distribution, heat transfer and mass transfer in chemical reactors, to increase detection limit of photoelectrochemical sensors, to facilitate flow chemistry, to tailor-make EPR and TEM measurement cells, and to allow machine learning for hybrid additive manufacturing. Currently, the University of Antwerp lacks the necessary research infrastructure capable of processing such materials and surfaces with microscale precision. Access to femtosecond pulsed laser micromachining would yield enormous impact on ongoing and planned research both for the thirteen involved professors and ten research groups as for industry, essential to conduct research at the highest international level.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Breugelmans Tom
• Co-promoter: Bogaerts Annemie
• Co-promoter: Cool Pegie
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Maes Bert
• Co-promoter: Meynen Vera
• Co-promoter: Perreault Patrice
• Co-promoter: Van Doorslaer Sabine
• Co-promoter: Vanlanduit Steve
• Co-promoter: Verbeeck Johan
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy
• Co-promoter: Verwulgen Stijn
• Co-promoter: Watts Regan

Research team(s)

• Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Enviromics is a multidisciplinary consortium of UAntwerpen researchers across the board of environmental sciences and technologies. Through impactful fundamental advances and interdisciplinary approaches across biology, (bio)chemistry and (bio)engineering, the consortium offers bio based solutions to ecosystem challenges by a strong interaction between three pillars (i) Environmental applications and nature based solutions, (ii) Sensing and analysis of chemicals and environments and (iii) Microbial technology and biomaterials, supported by sustainable product development and technology assessment. Through a renewed and tighter focus the ENVIROMICS consortium now signs for a leaner and more dynamic shape. Through intensified collaborations with different stakeholders, both national and international, the leverage for creating enhanced business and societal impact is reinforced. The consortium is strongly managed by a team of two highly profiled researchers partnered by an IOF manager and a project manager with clearly defined tasks and in close contact with the consortium members and the central Valorisation Unit of the university. The consortium has a strong and growing IP position, mainly on environmental/electrochemical sensing and microbial probiotics, two key points of the research and applications program. One spinoff was created in 2017 and two more will be setup in the coming three years. The direct interaction with product developers ensures delivering high TRL products. Next to a growing portfolio of industrial contracts, we create tangible societal impact, when relevant including citizen science approaches. Through the stronger leverage created by the new structure and partnerships we will develop both intertwined branches significantly.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Blust Ronny
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Dries Jan
• Co-promoter: Du Bois Els
• Co-promoter: Lebeer Sarah
• Co-promoter: Meire Patrick
• Co-promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: Samson Roeland
• Co-promoter: Schoelynck Jonas
• Co-promoter: Vandermoere Frederic
• Co-promoter: Vlaeminck Siegfried
• Fellow: Dardenne Freddy

Research team(s)

• Ecosphere

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Nanomaterials play a key role in modern technology and society, because of their unique physical and chemical characteristics. The synthesis of nanomaterials is maturing but surprisingly little is known about the exact roles that different experimental parameters have in tuning their final properties. It is hereby of crucial importance to understand the connection between these properties and the (three-dimensional) structure or composition of nanomaterials. The proposed consortium will focus on the design and use of nanomaterials in fields as diverse as plasmonics, electrosensing, nanomagnetism and in applications such as art conservation, environment and sustainable energy. In all of these studies, the consortium will integrate (3D) quantitative transmission electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy with density functional calculations of the structural stability and optoelectronic properties as well as with accelerated molecular dynamics for chemical reactivity. The major challenge will be to link the different time and length scales of the complementary techniques in order to arrive at a complete understanding of the structure-functionality correlation. Through such knowledge, the design of nanostructures with desired functionalities and the incorporation of such structures in actual applications, such as e.g. highly selective sensing and air purification will become feasible. In addition, the techno-economic and environmental performance will be assessed to support the further development of those applications. Since the ultimate aim of this interdisciplinary consortium is to contribute to the societal impact of nanotechnology, the NanoLab will go beyond the study of simplified test materials and will focus on nanostructures for real-life, cost-effective and environmentally-friendly applications.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Bals Sara
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Janssens Koen
• Co-promoter: Lenaerts Silvia
• Co-promoter: Milosevic Milorad
• Co-promoter: Neyts Erik
• Co-promoter: Van Aert Sandra
• Co-promoter: Van Passel Steven
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy

Research team(s)

• Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Two research lines can be found in this project: Reinvigorating the research group Environmental Analysis (1) and the development of electrochemical sensors (2). Both research lines can be linked by selecting target molecules with environmental interest when developing electrochemical sensor devices. The electrochemistry research line is based on the expertise of the applicant in the field of (bio)electrochemistry and deals with the development of highly selective electrode materials for the detection of environmentally important compounds. As different catalysts and target molecules can be selected, several applications can be achieved.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Inspired by the mission of the EU commission, this project commits to tackle a major societal challenge, i.e. fighting cancer. A striking target for 2030 has been set by the EU: more than 3 million lives saved, living longer and better, achieve a thorough understanding of cancer, prevent what is preventable, optimize diagnosis and treatment, support the quality of life of all people exposed to cancer, and ensure equitable access to the above across Europe. This project contributes to (early) diagnosis and follow up of the disease. More and more biomarkers are discovered and validated for cancer and the highly precise determination thereof is high on the priority list, necessitating analytical devices that allow rapid and accurate analysis with high sensitivity. Electrochemical biochips are an emerging tool for point-of-care diagnostic systems due to their inherent high sensitivity and cost and time effectiveness. We propose the combined use of electrochemical detection with a light-triggered sensing technology for the specific and selective photoelectrochemical detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers (i.e. KRAS mutations), also allowing us to detect a panel of cancer biomarkers. Detection and quantification of the selected target sequences will be performed in tissue and liquid biopsies, to ensure the translation from a lab technology to a device for clinicians and even patients.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Koljenovic Senada
• Co-promoter: Peeters Marc
• Co-promoter: Van Camp Guy

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

InnoPath proposes an innovative technology using low-cost, accurate, rapid, easy-to-use and robust attributes of singlet oxygen based photoelectrochemistry to offer more precise, sensitive and affordable diagnostics in lab and point-of-care settings. Benchmarked against gold standard real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the technology will be validated for pathogen detection using patient samples. A similar point-of-care or syndromic technology for common pathogens causing acute tropical fever, with comparable or better sensitivity than PCR and cost similar to existing rapid diagnostic tests, is not available today. InnoPath aims to improve patient care and reduce the impact of infectious diseases. Furthermore, it could advance epidemiological surveillance, timely detection of outbreaks and implementation of control measures. This project aims to 1) deliver a proof-of-concept for the photoelectrochemical detection of three common pathogens causing acute tropical fever and 2) demonstrate the feasibility of translating groundbreaking technology into a biosensor for pathogen detection. This project is a strategic collaboration with the Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), building on a technology platform of the University of Antwerp.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Ariën Kevin

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Inspired by the mission of the EU commission, this project commits to tackle a major societal challenge, i.e. fighting cancer. A striking target for 2030 has been set by the EU: more than 3 million lives saved, living longer and better, achieve a thorough understanding of cancer, prevent what is preventable, optimise diagnosis and treatment, support the quality of life of all people exposed to cancer, and ensure equitable access to the above across Europe. This project contributes to (early) diagnosis and follow up of the disease. More and more biomarkers are discovered and validated for cancer and the highly precise determination thereof is high on the priority list, necessitating analytical devices that allow rapid and accurate analysis with high sensitivity. Electrochemical biochips are an emerging tool for point-of-care diagnostic systems due to their inherent high sensitivity and cost and time effectiveness. We propose the combined use of electrochemical detection with a light-triggered sensing technology for the specific and selective photoelectrochemical detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers (i.e. KRAS mutations). In this project we will focus on the development of a multiplexed 96-well plate-based detection of a panel of cancer biomarkers. Detection and quantification of the selected target sequences will be performed in liquid biopsies, to ensure the translation from a lab technology to a device for clinicians and even patients.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Koljenovic Senada
• Co-promoter: Peeters Marc
• Co-promoter: Van Camp Guy

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This SEP grant will be used to unlock the potential of electroanalytical techniques to investigate the reactivity of photosensitizing materials, in a cultural heritage, electrochemical sensing and energetics/photocatalytic context. Materials of interest are pigments, such as lake pigments (aka lakes, metalorganic complexes of historical dyes), photosensitizers for sensing applications and semiconductor materials, where their photoreactivity is not yet fully understood. Great advancements in this matter could be achieved by implementing strategies from energetics and photocatalysis. We will perform voltammetric methods to screen opto-electronic properties of semiconductors and dyes, fundamental to understanding their (photo)reactivity and their potential for solar light harvesting applications. Cyclic voltammetry will be exploited to obtain information on the ionisation potential and electron affinity of compounds of interest. Cyclic voltammetry or linear sweep voltammetry in dark/light conditions or under 'chopped' light will provide fundamental information on the photoactivity and presence of charge recombination events of the system at hand. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) experiments will be performed to study photoresponses and photoreactivity of materials, conducted in a so-called 'PEC cell'. Since many light-induced degradation reactions affecting materials are reduction or oxidation reactions, which can be studied by electrochemistry, fundamental information on the reactivity and degradation kinetics can be unravelled by means of PEC experiments. A scientist will be appointed to perform the above fundamental electroanalytical research. Those insights will significantly support new EU applications in the field of cultural heritage, sensing and photoelectrocatalysis.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Support to prepare a Horizon Europe Cancer Mission research proposal (PhotoCan) as coordinator: Horizon Europe Cancer Mission Call, Topic No. HORIZON-MISS-2021-CANCER-02-01. This project proposal brings together a consortium of approximately 15 partners, including clinicians, product and software developers, bioinformaticians and Living labs. In the light of the EU mission regarding fighting cancer, the ultimate research aim of the PhotoCan project is to develop rapid, low-cost, portable and sensitive laboratory prototype device(s) for the early detection and screening of cancer.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This budget is meant as maintenance support for the analytical chemistry and screen printing infrastructure of A-Sense Lab at UAntwerp, it includes HR Raman, potentiostats, microscopes, SEM-EDX, IC, HPLC, screen printing facilities & ovens etc

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Drug (ab)use continues to have devastating consequences on human health and society. As large changes have occurred recently in the recreational drug market throughout Europe, such as new psychoactive substances, chemical modifications and isomerisations of typical illicit drugs, novel analytical challenges arose. These chemicals contain multiple drugs or even isomers that are specifically designed to evade current on-site test and international drug legislation. The proposed REVAMP project has the ambitious goal to revive electrochemical detection in liquid chromatography (HPLC). The goal is to create and study the coupling of a new electrochemical detector based on a screen printed electrode (SPE) array with HPLC to develop for the first time a mobile benchtop device able to identify drugs on-site with an enhanced selectivity towards isomers and polydrug detection. The main problem of conventional electrochemical detection (reproducibility and polishing) will be tackled by using SPE's. Although electrochemical detection is an inviting approach to detect a wide variety of compounds, given its high sensitivity (low/sub-ng/ml), low cost and miniaturization opportunities, the methodological coupling to LC with SPE's is lacking. The obtained strategies can be transferred to analytes with often similar functionalities such as antibiotics, phenolic compound and explosives.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Breugelmans Tom
• Co-promoter: van Nuijs Alexander
• Fellow: Sleegers Nick

Research team(s)

• Antwerp engineering, PhotoElectroChemistry & Sensing (A-PECS)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Recent data estimate that approximately 8 – 10 % of couples are facing fertility problems which means more than 50 million people worldwide are struggling to get pregnant. One of the main reasons couples have difficulty conceiving is their inability to accurately predict the female's ovulation period. Indeed, the quantification and monitoring of four specific female hormones is crucial for early identification of infertility and tracing of diseases associated with hormonal disbalances (e.g. ovarian cancer). In comparison with costly and complex conventional methods and commercially available test that only measure one or two of the four key hormones, Umay4women (Umay) proposes, for the first time, a unique and reliable quantification of all hormones involved in the ovulatory cycle to accurately determine the 'fertility window' by using non-invasive saliva samples. The novelty of this project relies on the combination of nanomaterials, photosensitizers, paper-based microfluidics and immunoassay disciplines to develop a multiarray biosensor, overcoming the drawbacks of current techniques and sampling methods. Importantly, the sensing strategy is based on a novel photoelectrochemical approach which uses the light to trigger the electrochemical response, thus eliminating potential interferences and empowering the readout. Although initially focused on fertility monitoring in women, the underlying technologies have the potential to be further extended after this fellowship for a wider range of applications and final users (e.g. monitoring of fertility in animal industry or tracing the evolution of patients after ovarian cancer treatment) to develop reliable, low-cost, multiarray platforms for healthcare applications. From the clinical perspective, Umay will facilitate the direct and rapid quantification of the key fertility hormones which will lead to faster and private decision-making processes toward an enhancement of the fertility management of each women.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Canovas Martinez Rocio

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Inspired by the mission of the EU commission, this project commits to tackle a major societal challenge, i.e. fighting cancer. A striking target for 2030 has been set by the EU: more than 3 million lives saved, living longer and better, achieve a thorough understanding of cancer, prevent what is preventable, optimize diagnosis and treatment, support the quality of life of all people exposed to cancer, and ensure equitable access to the above across Europe. This project contributes to (early) diagnosis and follow up of the disease. More and more biomarkers are discovered and validated for cancer and the highly precise determination thereof is high on the priority list, necessitating analytical devices that allow rapid and accurate analysis with high sensitivity. Electrochemical biochips are an emerging tool for point-of-care diagnostic systems due to their inherent high sensitivity and cost and time effectiveness. We propose the combined use of electrochemical detection with a light-triggered sensing technology for the specific and selective photoelectrochemical detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers (i.e. KRAS mutations), also allowing us to detect a panel of cancer biomarkers. Detection and quantification of the selected target sequences will be performed in liquid biopsies, to ensure the translation from a lab technology to a device for clinicians and even patients.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Pauwels Patrick
• Co-promoter: Peeters Marc
• Co-promoter: Van Camp Guy

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are massively used in various industries (e.g. pharmaceutical, oil, paper and plastic production), with an estimated global demand for phenol increased to 13.5 million tons in 2020. Taking into consideration the persistent nature of phenols and the threats they pose to human health and aquatic biota, there is a growing need to detect phenolic compounds in (waste) water at relevant concentrations (sub-ppb), for a better surveillance and control of water pollution. Several electrochemical enzyme based biosensors have been reported in the literature for phenol detection, most of which are based on Horseradish Peroxidase. However, enzymatic biosensors in general suffer from many problems such as operational stability and storage stability. Therefore, the aim of this project is to construct an innovative hybrid materials for photo-electrocatalytic (PEC) detection of phenolic contaminants via the integration of nanomaterials. The candidate of the PhD project, Shahid Ullah Khan, has developed an original method to test the photocatalytic activity of type II photosensitizers (PS) which will be used to characterize the impact of the plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) on photosensitizing activities. He also studied the PEC behavior of type II PS on different TiO2 support materials. In this DOCPRO1 project, which is the last phase of the PhD of Shahid, he will continue his efforts to improve the sensitivity (sub-ppb range) of this strategy by the use of innovative hybrid materials consisting of a PS and plasmonic NPs. Additional to the PEC sensing application, this hybrid materials will be useful in a broader context such as energy conversion and pollutant treatment. The PhD student is currently appointed on a ERANET-RUSPLUS project with a duration of three years. No funding on the current topic, photo-electrochemical detect boosted by nanomaterials, is available for a fourth year.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Khan Shahid Ullah

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This SEP grant will be used to introduce a new sensing paradigm based on the use of singlet oxygen (1O2), which was the topic of a first ERC CoG application in 2020 (second round), and entitles a resubmission. We will connect the power of 1O2 chemistry with the sustainability of electrochemistry to offer a breakthrough in robust, selective and sensitive (bio)sensor technologies. The use of 1O2 for electroanalysis is a largely undiscovered research field with no insight into the underlying principles of this new paradigm. The main fundamental research question is "How does 1O2, generated by a soluble photosensitizer or immobilized on a (semi)conducting surface, contribute to a photoelectrochemical response? What if quenchers, targets or bio-photosensitizers are present?". This project will pave the way to create cost-efficient, ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for on-site environmental monitoring and point-of-care medical analysis. It will open a whole new field of research based on 1O2 redox chemistry, beyond sensing applications, such as metal-free electrochemical photocatalysis, and the creation of more efficient materials for water purification and light energy conversion.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Recently, an entirely new type of bacteria has been discovered that can conduct high electrical currents over centimeters long distances via long, thin fibers embedded in the cell sheath. Recent studies show that these fibers have electrical abilities in power, including electrical conductivity data that exceeds that of all biological materials by orders of magnitude. The ambition of this project is to investigate investigate whether and how the fiber structures of cable bacteria can be used as components in a new generation of biocompatible and biodegradable electronic devices.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Geelhoed Jeanine

Research team(s)

• Geobiology

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has the potential to improve patient outcomes and dramatically reduce healthcare burden. Still, wearable devices have yet to break through the clinical application of TDM. Today, current TDM methods rely on embedded sensors in catheters or venous blood extraction which is analysed in centralised laboratories. Therefore, there is an unmet need to provide non-invasive and real-time monitoring of therapeutic drugs to address individualized doseresponse characteristics of drugs. This necessity will be addressed by Therasen which aims to contribute with innovative closed-loop sensing and delivery microneedle (MN)-based devices toward a patient-specific therapy. Hence, MN electrochemical drug devices are introduced here as a cutting edge technology to enhance patient compliance and yield optimal therapies. Therasen tackles: (i) affordable and scalable microfabrication methods of MN patches, (ii) functionalisation of MN electrodes with engineered nanomaterials and polymers for monitoring therapeutic levels of methotrexate and esketamine in the interstitial fluid of skin, (iii) development of MN drug delivery systems; and importantly (iv) validation methods of the closedloop MN-device (integration of electrochemical sensor and drug delivery system).

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Parrilla Pons Marc

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Titanium-dioxide-based materials (titania) are semiconductors with many versatile applications in chemical catalysis, electrochemical sensing, food industry, energy conversion and many more. A considerable part of these applications rely on the electron-hole formation in titania by the absorption of light in the UV range. However, this restricts many practical applications, since sunlight has a limited UV content. Coloured titania, such as grey and black titania, can be formed via thermal, chemical or sonochemical reduction pathways. Although these materials absorb light in the visible range, there is many conflicting data reported about their activity and involved mechanistic pathways. There is also no consensus on the optimal synthesis routes to enhance specific favorable material characteristics. The large heterogeneity in coloured titania materials and their syntheses used in literature hampers a clear correlation between synthesis, electronic structure and activity. In this concerted action, we aim at a controlled alteration of the reduction conditions of porous titania linked to a direct determination of a variety of properties, such as electron traps, surface-adsorbed and surface-reacted species, bulk defects, band gap, polymorphs and pore sizes, and to activity measurements. For the latter we will test their capacity for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and their applicability as electrode material in the electrochemical sensing of phenolic compounds in water. With this approach we guarantee that the results of the different experiments can be directly compared and correlated. This will allow determining the key factors governing the relation between synthesis, electronic and geometric structure and activity of coloured titania. This knowledge will be translated in optimal synthesis conditions for the here proposed applications, of importance in sustainable chemistry and development. The project makes use of the unique complementary expertise in the synthesis, experimental and theoretical characterization and application of titanium-dioxide-based materials available at UAntwerp.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Van Doorslaer Sabine
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Lamoen Dirk
• Co-promoter: Meynen Vera
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy

Research team(s)

• Biophysics and Biomedical Physics
• Theory and Spectroscopy of Molecules and Materials (TSM²)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This SEP grant is used to further develop a multi-analytical approach and explore the applicability of electrochemistry complemented with FTIR spectroscopy to the analysis of the reactivity of historical pigments in particular. Electrochemistry examines the reactions occurring at the interface of the electrode and the solution with high selectivity and sensitivity. Degraded pigments generally change oxidation state (redox reaction), caused by various factors such as the environment or chemical composition. These factors can be reproduced and controlled through electrochemistry, thereby identifying the related redox reactions. FTIR spectroscopy provides complementary information on the molecular changes, helping to identify the degradation mechanisms of the pigments. This project is part of an international collaboration and aims at promoting the interaction between the various aspects of diagnosis, bridging the gap between "micro" point-wise analysis methods and "macro" global techniques. It concerns a concerted effort to optimise and extend these methods across a wide range of cultural heritage objects. Pooling them together in a complementary way will lead to widespread benefits across the community. The specific research aim of the SEP experiments is to detect the specific markers of degraded geranium lakes in order to obtain information about the degradation mechanism of the pigment and the structure of the resulting products. Samples from oil paintings of Van Gogh showing problems of discoloration in the red regions will be studied, together with mock-ups of the pure geranium lakes and mixtures with other pigments and binding media combining accelerated ageing and natural ageing. Experiments will be done by Optical Microscopy and FTIR microscopy (MCT detector with a globar source collecting 256 scans with a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1) coupled to complementary techniques (such as photoluminescence and SEM-EDX). Those experiments will be complemented by electrochemical experiments to investigate the degradation processes of the lake material. Geranium lakes will be characterized by cyclic voltammetry and/or differential pulse voltammetry. To ensure the full understanding of the electrochemical behaviour, the experiments will include the main precursor. The expected outcomes of this project are: I) characterize the reactivity of geranium lakes, providing a deeper fundamental knowledge in the chemical nature of these compounds, II) develop specific protection strategies for painting layers applied in historical objects contributing to a better preservation of the cultural heritage and III) to prepare a new ITN application as partner, including the results of the above experiments to further strengthen multi-analytical approaches, central in the application. A postdoctoral fellow will be appointed, also taking the opportunity to explore which European initiatives can be set up in this research domain.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

High resolution Raman imaging is a versatile imaging technique that generates detailed maps of the chemical composition of technical as well as biological samples. The equipment with given specifications is not yet available at UAntwerp, and will crucially complement the high-end chemical imaging techniques (XRF, XRD, IR, SEM-EDX-WDX, LA-ICP-MS) that are already available at UAntwerp for material characterization. High resolution Raman imaging will expose, with high resolution, the final details (structural fingerprint) of the material of interest. In first instance, we aim to boost the following research lines: electrochemistry, photocatalysis, marine microbiology, environmental analysis and cultural heritage. The Raman microscope should be as versatile as possible, to support potential future technological enhancements.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Caen Joost
• Co-promoter: Cool Pegie
• Co-promoter: Janssens Koen
• Co-promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Recently, long filamentous bacteria have been discovered in marine sediments, which are capable of generating and mediating electricity over centimeter-scale distances. These so-called "cable bacteria" have evolved a new mechanism for mediating electrical currents, which extends the known length scale of microbial electron transmission by two orders of magnitude. Cable bacteria are multi-cellular and possess a unique energy metabolism, in which electrons are passed on from cell to cell along a chain of 10.000 cells. This biological innovation equips them with a competitive advantage for survival within the seafloor environment. Microbial long-distance electron transport is a disruptive finding, both in terms of new biology as well as potential new technology. The capability of cable bacteria to transport electrons over centimeter distances implies that biological evolution must have somehow developed a highly conductive, organic structure. If these conductive structures inside cable bacteria could be somehow harnessed in an engineered way, this could pave the way for entirely new materials and applications in bio-electronics. To better grasp the wide reaching implications of long-distance electron transport, we need to better understand how the phenomenon works. Here, science is faced with an important challenge: it remains a conundrum how electrons are transported through a cable bacterium. Therefore, the prime objectives of this project are (1) to resolve the conductive structures and mechanism responsible for microbial long-distance transport and (2) to characterize their physical structure, chemical composition and electrical properties. The foundational pillar of this project are recently acquired data demonstrating that cable bacteria can be connected to electrodes and revealing that the cell envelope of cable bacteria contains highly conductive structures.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Geobiology

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Substance abuse remains one of the global health and socioeconomic problems. It is one of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, i.e., SDG 3: "Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages". One of the goals within SDG 3.5 is to "Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol". Specifically, SDG 3d recognizes the need to "strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks". The key challenge to early warning, risk reduction and management of substance abuse is early and accurate detection. Electrochemical techniques allow for integration in hand-held devices for rapid detection of drugs and alcohol. However, the state-of-the-art fuel cellbased breath alcohol sensor (FCBrAS) still adopts expensive and old technology of the 70's (use of high amount of platinum electrocatalyst) despite the advances in materials electrochemical science and nanotechnology. The objective of this project is to bridge gaps in knowledge in electrochemistry of illicit drugs in oral fluids and alcohols, innovation in the FCBrAS to reduce mass-loading of expensive precious metals, and enhance selectivity and sensitivity in biological fluids.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: van Nuijs Alexander

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Radical prostatectomy is currently the most used curative procedure in the treatment of localised prostate cancer (PCa). However, in 30-50% of interventioned patients Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) increases on post-operatory, meaning that the cancer has spread. The rise in PSA is due to imprecision in preoperative staging, suggesting patients already had distant, undetectable disease. Another issue is that elevated serum PSA is not specific to malignant prostate disease, it cannot differentiate between indolent tumours or those that are/will become life threatening. Fatal cancer is most often due to metastatic disease but histopathological examination of biopsy or traditional imaging methods fail to detect the early disseminated circulating biological information highlighting the need for approaches that can detect biomarkers of cancer spreading at an early stage. Circulating amounts of non-coding microRNA (miRNA) have been shown to have a biological impact and to be clinically associated with cancer and are now seen as a new class of biomarkers that will allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis. The objective of INFORM is to develop an innovative electrochemical multiplex biosensor for detection and quantification of a panel of clinically relevant circulating miRNAs in intermediate-risk PCa patients that will be submitted to potentially curative surgery. By focusing on the development, optimisation and validation of a biosensor for miRNA profiling in PCa, discrimination of patients with local disease from those with more advanced PCa will be possible. The biosensor will rely on the selectivity of the sandwich assays and on the sensitivity of the photoelectrochemical detection to quantify, at the sub-fM level, circulating miRNAs that are associated with PCa. The quantification of these overexpressed miRNAs will lead to a better overall management of the disease and allow for a more informed decision by the medical doctor, providing personalised medicine.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: De Almeida Campos Rui

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The trafficking and use of illicit drugs represents a serious threat to the well-being of society, with severe health, economic, and political implications. Belgium plays a central role in Europe's drug issues, being the country with the largest volume of cocaine seized, while also being one of the main producers of amphetamine and MDMA. To effectively monitor passing cargo, luggage and people on the presence of illicit drugs, customs services and law enforcement need quick and selective tests to screen suspicious powders on-site. This way, immediate action can be undertaken before the sample is sent for expensive and time-consuming analysis in the lab. The currently used colour tests have poor reliability, resulting in a large number of false positives and false negatives. I therefore want to develop a portable electrochemical smart device for fast, low cost, highly accurate and simultaneous detection of illicit drugs on-site. In the proposed strategy, chemometric algorithms will convert the raw electrochemical data into an easy read-out on a smartphone (mobile application) for users without scientific backgrounds. The insights gained in the development of this sensor will have a broad impact since the application on drugs can be expanded to other end users than law enforcement, such as emergency physicians. The approach can also be adapted to other analytes such as antibiotics.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Schram Jonas

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The amount of chemicals produced is increasing every year resulting in a higher amount of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phenols (12 million tonnes in 2016). Phenols are used in, for example, the production of plastics, resins and as antibacterial agents. These chemicals find their way into the water and cause detrimental effects on both human and wildlife health. Although efforts have been made to raise awareness on the toxicity of these contaminants, there is still no strict regulation for phenols. Consequently, there is a need for on-site powerful screening techniques to monitor these phenols, and to outcompete commercial test kits with have a long measurement time and are non-selective and not sensitive enough. Therefore, my aim is to develop a highly sensitive and selective mobile electrosensor for the detection of phenols in industrial wastewater, based on a combination of photoelectrochemistry and voltammetry. The mobile sensor has a rapid response, is cheap, easy-to-use and the results can be easily interpreted by non-trained staff by the use of an app on a smartphone together with a wireless potentiostat.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Barich Hanan

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Yearly, an estimated 5.5 million tonnes of lab plastic waste is created in research labs worldwide. Reducing the plastic consumables in the chemistry sector has a significant impact on the reduction of the total amount of waste. Currently, most lab consumables are only used once and then disposed as hazardous waste. This project aims to support the chemistry sector to grow towards a circular economy, which is one of the pillars of Essenscia, the Belgian federation for chemistry and life sciences industry. Within this transition, the objective is to design out waste. The research proposal aims to develop a theoretical framework on how to deal with the variables that influence the design and implementation of replacing consumables by longer-living alternatives. The resulting conclusions will be of importance for production industry of chemical equipment as well as chemical labs (including procurement) and the recycling sector. The research is structured towards identification, influence and relation of (i) the material variables, (ii) design variables, (iii) usage variables, and (iv) context variables. In a first phase a wide exploration will be performed, to achieve this six research groups are willing to collaborate. In the next phases, the focus will be on each group of variables, in the pre-determined order mentioned before. The results of these foci will build upon each other to come together in a complete theory including all the variables.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Du Bois Els
• Fellow: Van Loon Joren

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Rifampicin (RIF) is an essential antibiotic from the rifamycins group, introduced for human use in 1967. The intensive use of antibiotics, including RIF, for human, veterinary and agricultural purposes, results in the continuous release of the drugs and their metabolites into the environment. This leads to the development of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria, affecting the therapeutic effect against human and animal pathogens, jeopardizing the treatment of some infections. Besides the problem of the adverse effects of the presence of RIF in the environment and the problem of antibiotic resistance in general, there is a need for drug analysis during various stages of pharmaceutical development. More specific it concerns the analytical investigation of bulk drug materials, pharmaceutical formulations and quality control (in relation to impurities and degradation products of pharmaceutical substances). Therefore, there is a necessity to estimate RIF and its major metabolites, 25-desacetylrifampicin and 3-formyl rifampicin, levels in biological, pharmaceutical and environmental samples. The aim of this project is to develop a robust, sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical method for RIF detection, in environmental and pharmaceutical samples, based on disposable carbon screen printed electrodes modified with an innovative hybrid material based on photosensitizer. In a first phase, the photo-electrochemical detection of RIF will be optimized in classical buffered solutions (e.g. variation of electrochemical parameters, concentrations of photosensitizers, pH). Secondly, the detection will be performed in real samples. Finally, it will be explored whether the photo-electrochemical detection can be boosted by plasmonic particles.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Blidar Adrian

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Combining robust sensor technologies with the inherent advantages of electrochemical strategies, nano-molecularly imprinted polymers, and multivariate and pattern data analysis, BorderSens will enable highly accurate selective detection of trace levels of illicit drugs and precursors. With borders being important gateways for the entrance of illicit drugs and their precursors, custom and border control authorities are facing pertaining challenges to detect such dangerous substances and safeguard the public. The main challenges posed by currently used on-site methods to detect illicit drugs and precursors are low accuracy, in the case of colour tests, and high cost and low portability, in the case of spectroscopic tests. In the light of a pressing need for better drug test systems at EU borders, the ultimate research aim of the BorderSens is to develop a portable, wireless single prototype device with the capability to quickly test for different types of drugs, precursors and adulterants/cutting agents, with outstanding accuracy and reduced false positives and false negatives. BorderSens will demonstrate the innovative technological solutions at seven demonstrations sites at EU borders with end-users and ensure exploitation plans guaranteeing strong impact. BorderSens brings together universities, a big manufacturer of electrochemical sensors, a specialised SME, ten endusers i.e. forensic institutes, police forces and border authorities, and a high quality external advisory board, to provide an excellent scientific-technical perspective and a straightforward exploitation route, with great impact on the safety of EU citizens.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Du Bois Els

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

In the VLAIO innovation mandate, the spin off trajectory for electrochemical sensing devices will be explored. In first instance, all actions will be focused on the detection of drugs of abuse, with cocaine as the first target.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Dardenne Freddy
• Fellow: Daems Devin

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Detection and identification of illegal drugs is a major task of both police and customs authorities in order to prevent drug-dealing and consumption in our society. An accurate test is crucial to support this process. Within the AXES research group at UAntwerp, a new method was developed to achieve a fast and accurate detection of cocaine at low cost, using an electrochemical sensor. By using this method, the limitations and restrictions of existing tests can be tackled (i.e. interpretation sensitivity, false positives/negatives, and environmental influences). The developed technique is currently operational in a lab setting, but needs to be adjusted and translated to be effective on location. For this reason it is crucial in this phase of the research to focus on the development of a software to translate the scientific data into a simple readout for non-experts and on an appropriate valorization plan to bring the final product as close as possible to the market. Thus, we aim within the present project to (1) develop methods for data treatment and analysis which will strikingly improve accuracy of drug detection, (2) thoroughly test and verify the final portable prototype product with future end users, and (3) built a sound valorization plan. It should be emphasized that the scope of the data analysis is broader than only drugs detection. The developed methods for data treatment and analysis will also be used in future for the interpretation of the voltammetric fingerprints of other target molecules such as antibiotics.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Scheunders Paul

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The on-site and higly selective detection of cocaine and other important target analytes such as antibiotic residues in waste water remains a challenging area of research. In this project, we wish to better understand and eventually improve analytical detection systems that use short DNA sequences for selective recognition of molecules of interest – called aptamers – followed by the generation of electrical signals upon binding.To achieve this we will first study the fundamental influence of structure and flexibility of aptamers on binding and current generation. This will further be mapped using computer modelling, NMR spectroscopy and ITC measurements. After obtaining structural knowledge, we aim to chemically stabilize the high affinity aptamers by introduction of chemically modified building blocks in the aptamer nucleic acid sequence. The additional functional groups thus introduced in the aptamer should allow to enhance the stability of the folded ligand binding state of the aptamer. In this way, we hope to contribute to the development of more robust apasensors. This should ultimately and on the long term lead to improved, robust, simple and mobile devices allowing to be handled on-site in different fields of application (e.g. law enforcement agencies, medical care environment, food industry).

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Recently, long filamentous "cable bacteria" have been discovered, which are capable of mediating large electrical currents over centimeter-scale distances. This finding extends the known length scale of microbial electron transmission by three orders of magnitude, and implies that biological evolution has somehow generated a highly conductive, organic structure. This is remarkable as biological materials are known to be poorly conductive. Microbial long-distance electron transport is a disruptive finding, both in terms of new biology as well as in terms of new technology. If the conductive structures inside cable bacteria could be somehow harnessed in an engineered way, this could pave the way for entirely new materials and applications in bio-electronics. To better grasp the wide reaching implications, we need to better understand the phenomenon of microbial long-distance electron transport. Yet presently, it remains a conundrum how electrons are transported through cable bacteria. Recently we obtained a breakthrough by connecting cable bacteria to electrodes and measuring the electrical current. These data demonstrate that the cell envelope of cable bacteria contains highly conductive structures. The prime objectives of this project are to resolve the physical structure and chemical composition of these conductive structures. Additionally, we will determine the underlying mechanism of electron transport and the electrical properties of the conductive structures.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Geobiology

Project website

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Most of the farmers and industries rely on the microbial inhibition tests as a screening tool for a broad range of antibiotics because it is natural, intuitive, and simple enough to be operated by non-specialists outside laboratories. Unfortunately, it suffers from drawbacks such as long analysis time and sensitivity issues. To improve the on-site screening test, we introduce the pioneering idea to couple cost effective and sensitive amperometric sensors with bacterial inhibition tests. Our method will lower the risks for public health and operational costs for industries.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Vandenheuvel Dieter
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Lebeer Sarah

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Recent advances in extending the light absorption range of titania (TiO2) into the visible region has resulted in a new material, i.e. black TiO2 with a bandgap around 1.5 eV. Black TiO2 is a promising candidate for photo-(electro)catalysis under near infrared light owing to its narrow band gap and its improved electronic conductivity which only limited attention has been paid to it to use as a photoelectrochemical sensor. Using photo-electrocatalysts in stationary electrochemical systems commonly face poisoning phenomena due to the generated product seriously affecting the electrochemical detection. In order to improve the recyclability of the photo-electrocatalyst, a flow photoelectrochemical cell is the best choice due to continues movement of a carrier solution to the electrode surface. The combination of a flow cell and an electrochemical setup integrates the benefit of two systems such as high mass diffusion, much lower amount of sample requirements, while warranting strong signals and a high detection sensitivity. The core idea of my proposal is to synthesize and exploit black (reduced) titania as a highly visible light responsive material in a flow analysis setup to detect polyphenols via photo-electrochemistry.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Breugelmans Tom
• Co-promoter: Meynen Vera
• Fellow: Rahemi Vanousheh

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Detection and identification of illegal drugs is a major task of both police and customs officials in order to prevent circulation and dealing in our society. An optimal test is crucial to support this process. Within the AXES research group, a new method was developed to achieve a fast and accurate detection of cocaine at low cost, using an electrochemical sensor. By using this method, the limitations and restrictions of existing tests can be tackled (i.e. interpretation sensitivity, false positives/negatives, and environmental influences). The developed technique is currently operational in a lab setting, but needs to be adjusted and translated to be effective on location. Currently, within other projects, the method is optimized to achieve multi-drug detection. This POC project focusses on the development of a user-friendly and wearable device for drug detection that can be used by different authorities without scientific knowledge or training. By means of methods from Product Development, the current lab setting will be translated into a usable product for reliable testing (in typical Belgian whether conditions, wearing gloves, in an environment where no tables or other surfaces are available). The project includes thorough testing and verification with future end users.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Du Bois Els

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The main objective of the PLASMON-ELECTROLIGHT project is to elaborate an efficient sensing strategy to measure pharmaceuticals. The detection technique will be developed from an original photoelectrochemical detection strategy that is boosted by advanced photosensitizers, plasmonic enhancement, and affinity recognition. The photoactive hybrid materials must be designed carefully through rational choice of photosensitizers and metallic nanostructures, theoretical modeling, and experimental correlations. Next, the materials will be combined with biorecognition elements and employed as photoelectrochemical sensor. Our objectives also include a better understanding of the mechanism for plasmonic enhancement of photosensitizers' activity, developing new photoreactive materials and better methods to tests them. This will contribute to different field of chemical sensing, material science, and energy conversion.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Lenaerts Silvia
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Combining robust sensor technologies with the inherent advantages of electrochemical strategies, nano-molecularly imprinted polymers, and multivariate and pattern data analysis, BorderSens will enable highly accurate selective detection of trace levels of illicit drugs and precursors. With borders being important gateways for the entrance of illicit drugs and their precursors, custom and border control authorities are facing pertaining challenges to detect such dangerous substances and safeguard the public. The main challenges posed by currently used on-site methods to detect illicit drugs and precursors are low accuracy, in the case of colour tests, and high cost and low portability, in the case of spectroscopic tests. In the light of a pressing need for better drug test systems at EU borders, the ultimate research aim of the BorderSens is to develop a portable, wireless single prototype device with the capability to quickly test for different types of drugs, precursors and adulterants/cutting agents, with outstanding accuracy and reduced false positives and false negatives. BorderSens will demonstrate the innovative technological solutions at seven demonstrations sites at EU borders with end-users and ensure exploitation plans guaranteeing strong impact. BorderSens brings together universities, a big manufacturer of electrochemical sensors, a specialised SME, ten end-users i.e. forensic institutes, police forces and border authorities, and a high quality external advisory board, to provide an excellent scientific-technical perspective and a straightforward exploitation route, with great impact on the safety of EU citizens.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Physical and functional interactions between biomolecules play pivotal roles in all aspects of human health and disease. Gaining a greater understanding of these biomolecular interactions will further expand our understanding of diseases such as cancer, metabolic diseases and neurodegeneration. At UAntwerp, 7 research groups have joined forces to obtain the absolutely necessary equipment to measure these interactions with a Biomolecular Interactions Platform (BIP). This will allow to detect interactions and precisely determine binding affinities between any kind of molecule, from ions and small molecules to high-molecular weight and multi-protein complexes. The BIP will also allow to identify collateral off- targets, crucial in the drug discovery field. Access to a BIP will strongly support ongoing research projects and bring research within the BIP-consortium to a higher level. Since biomolecular interactions are highly influenced by the methodology, it is recommended to measure the interaction by several, independent techniques and continue with the most appropriate one. For this reason, the consortium aims at installing a BIP, consisting of several complementary instruments that each measure biomolecular interactions based on different physical principles. They wish to expand the existing Isothermal Titration Calorimetry with two complementary state-of-the- art techniques: MicroScale Thermophoresis and Grating- Coupled waveguide Interferometry.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Meester Ingrid
• Co-promoter: Delputte Peter
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Dewilde Sylvia
• Co-promoter: De Winter Hans
• Co-promoter: Kooy Frank
• Co-promoter: Lambeir Anne-Marie
• Co-promoter: Maudsley Stuart
• Co-promoter: Van Der Veken Pieter
• Co-promoter: Van Ostade Xaveer

Research team(s)

• Medical Biochemistry

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This Hercules proposal concerns screen printing facilities. Screen printing facilities enable UAntwerp to pioneer in the field of electronics, sensors and photocatalysis by (1) developing unique (photo)sensors/detectors (e.g. electrochemical sensors, photovoltaics, photocatalysis) by printing (semi)conducting materials on substrates, (2) designing parts of Internet of Things modules with more flexibility and more dynamically, meanwhile creating a unique valorization potential and IP position.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Caen Joost
• Co-promoter: Cool Pegie
• Co-promoter: Janssens Koen
• Co-promoter: Meysman Filip
• Co-promoter: Samson Roeland
• Co-promoter: Steckel Jan
• Co-promoter: Verbruggen Sammy
• Co-promoter: Weyn Maarten

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

In 2016, around 12 million tonnes of phenol was produced for various processes such as the production of plastics, antibiotics and dyes. Through industrial and municipal waste, the phenolic compounds leach into the water reservoirs and can pose a threat to human health. There are several EU laws which regulate these contaminants however, these laws are sometimes outdated, vague and implementation in practice falls short. Therefore to gain more insight in the current situation of phenolic contaminants screening methods are crucial. Current enzymatic sensors studied in literature show an improved sensitivity compared to traditional methods due to the accumulation of detectable species, but have poor stability and need additional reagents. Therefore I want to develop a sensor which overcomes the drawbacks of enzymatic sensors but retains its improved sensitivity. My aim is to develop a sensitive, rapid and low cost electrochemical sensor with an ease of interpretation of results by non-specialists (through the use of an app on a smartphone with integrated LED). In the proposed detection strategy, a modified sensor will generate a change in current in the presence of phenolic contaminants upon illumination by a LED.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Van Doorslaer Sabine
• Fellow: Neven Liselotte

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

In this project it will be shown that molecular photosensitizers generating singlet oxygen under illumination, combined with electrochemical detection analysis, can efficiently adopt detection schemes based on enzymes, and thus overcome the drawbacks of current bioanalysis. I will generate a new framework for bio-inspired sensing and may find applications in many other (bio)analytical areas.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam Saranya

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The objective of the present study is to design carbon nanostructures decorated with metal nanoparticles for the ultra-trace electrochemical sensing and bio-sensing of important illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. This project fits within the efforts to develop a simple, rapid and robust analytical platform for the sensitive and selective analysis of cocaine and heroin in the presence of adulterants.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This project proposes to develop novel, inexpensive and portable multisensing devices adapted for the rapid on-site screening of a number of illicit drugs, in saliva, using recent advances in biomimetic materials coupled with electrochemistry.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Covaci Adrian
• Fellow: Florea Anca

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Oligonucleotides are small pieces of DNA or RNA with a specific sequence. This sequence results in a unique 3D structure which determines their function, but better methods are needed to study this structure. Oligonucleotides occur naturally and are essential in all life forms, but can also be made synthetically. They play a role in e.g. gene regulation, but also in the defence against bacterial and viral infections, and are therefore interesting targets for therapeutic purposes. Synthetic oligonucleotides called aptamers, which can interact with specific molecules, are now also considered for sensor applications. There is a rapidly growing need for efficient and fast methods for the characterization of oligonucleotide sequence, modifications, interactions and 3D structure. I propose an approach, which is now well-established for proteins but new for oligonucleotides, that can specify some of these characteristics and will lead to a better understanding of the sequence-structure-function relationship of DNA/RNA. In addition, understanding these structural properties will result in the ability to better design synthetic oligonucleotides in the future. By gaining insights in the structure and function of oligonucleotides, it becomes possible to use them in various applications such as sensors, for targeted drug delivery and the development of new antibody-like drugs which will result in better and more targeted treatment of diseases.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Sobott Frank
• Fellow: Daems Elise

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a global phenomenon, compromising the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of bacterial infections. In this project antibiotics will be detected electrochemically.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Sleegers Nick

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The trafficking and use of illicit drugs represents a threat to the well-being of the society. The methods currently used to identify illicit drugs sometimes lack sensitivity and specificity, thus new sensing technologies are required. We propose to develop novel electrochemical multisensing strategies adapted for the rapid on-site screening of illicit drugs using recent advances in surface modification coupled with electrochemistry.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Within this project, the bio-electrochemical sensing strategies for cocaine and antibiotics will be further explored. By the immobilization of aptamers, one could address the current problems with the existing sensing devices, i.e. a lack of selectivity.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Among air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) poses the greatest risk to public health. Atmospheric PM is currently monitored by a network of air monitoring stations, but its limited spatial resolution impedes to properly monitor the high spatial variability in PM local exposure. On the other hand, urban vegetation works as a reliable passive PM collector, as it provides a natural surface for deposition and immobilization of pollutants. In this research project, urban green is thus used as a bio-indicator for atmospheric PM (biomonitoring), where each leaf plant can work as a monitoring station per se. Within airborne PM, iron and other metals are of particular interest. Therefore, magnetic biomonitoring of leaves has been extensively used as a rapid and cost-effective tool to assess urban PM exposure, however, the discrimination of PM sources based on magnetic analyses remains yet a less explored topic. PM source attribution mainly depends on the chemical characteristics (composition and structure of the particles), size distribution and even shape properties, therefore, a component of particle analysis is also necessary to understand the different sources of PM. The strategy of this project is based on PM fingerprinting the major urban PM sources (e.g. roadside and train traffic) in terms of its magnetic signatures, composition and microscopic form, and on how the different magnetic parameters can be used to identify them in the mixed-source urban environment. The main goal is then to investigate the applicability of using magnetic biomonitoring of urban leaves as an effective source apportionment methodology/tool for PM exposure. The application of such a methodology would help on delineating high-polluted PM areas while understanding their major PM emission sources, which can be of great use for e.g. impact assessment studies and policy implementation of targeted PM mitigation strategies.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Samson Roeland
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Castanheiro Ana

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The ArtGarden research project will test and develop an efficient ("best practices") matrix (tool - protocol) for monitoring, imaging and documenting (art-technical), fragile historic mixed-media objects. This will be used to facilitate decision making during conservation and preservation practice.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Environmental toxicology (named ecotoxicology further on) is by name a multidisciplinary field involving a wide span of scientifical domains These domains cover areas as biology (and several sub-disciplines thereof), ecology, biochemistry, toxicology, molecular genetics, industrial and process chemistry etc On top of that it touches the sociological field in terms of human and environmental hazard and risk, and even economy by setting environmental standards, thereby directly influencing industrial processes Water treatment technology and risk assessment are both important answers and tools offered to problems put forward by ecotoxicology Both offer and raise questions and problems to be answered It is my believe that ecotoxicology, in its broadest sense, holds the mother key in the solution but has yet to fully gain it.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Blust Ronny
• Co-promoter: Bols Peter
• Co-promoter: Covaci Adrian
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Geuens Luc
• Co-promoter: Janssens Koen
• Co-promoter: Knapen Dries
• Co-promoter: Lenaerts Silvia
• Co-promoter: Meire Patrick
• Co-promoter: Samson Roeland
• Fellow: Dardenne Freddy

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

In this project, the detection of all ß-lactam antibiotics at MRL (maximum residu limit) level in raw milk is aimed by using an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor platform. Once a fundamental electrochemical study is performed to unravel the redox properties of our target molecules, the via SELEX selected aptamers will be immobilized on the electrode surfaces by using a novel immobilization strategy, followed by an electrochemical registration.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Blust Ronny

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Electrochemical "aptasensors" are very attractive for monitoring the presence of microtraces of drugs of abuse as they are fast, portable, extremely sensitive and selective towards target molecules. This project will develop and test all the necessary components for a device suitable for cocaine detection, and implement them into a finger-tip glove sensor for on-site use.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Examination of instrumental parameters and current validation for the studied heavy metals in order to determine whether the sensitivity of the present apparatus can still be improved. Investigation into the cause of the large deviation between the ICP-MS and XRF results, in particular, for the element antimony (Sb). Investigation of different types of filters for sampling heavy metals. Optimization of XRF devices for elemental analysis, especially in terms of the projects on chemical characterization. This concerns the following elements: Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, V and Zn.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Janssens Koen
• Co-promoter: Van Espen Piet
• Co-promoter: Van Grieken Rene

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This project focuses on the development of new electrochemical sensors based on nano materials. Nano materials offer many advantages due to their unique properties, including a high surface area density, so that a larger number of binding sites for a specific analyte is created. Within this project, magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) will act as a sensing platform for the detection of biomedical and pharmaceutical components. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) already have some applications in various fields such as biology and diagnostics. On the other hand, the subtle electronic properties of CNTs suggest that they, when used as electrode material in electrochemical sensors, have the ability to promote electron transfer reactions. The functionalization of nano materials offers many perspectives, such as an improved dispersion in various processes. The electrochemical and morphological characterization of such electrode material is the main focus of this PhD-project, next to the study of the activity of these sensors towards biologically and pharmaceutically relevant substances such as neurotransmitters, proteins, etc.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Amiri Aref Mohaddeseh

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is twofold: (i) investigating the abilities of noble metal nanostructures in improvement of biosensors functions; (ii) comparing the performances of the electrochemical biosensors modified by nanostructures with different shapes (for example gold nanoparticles, gold nanorodes, gold hollow nanospheres, gold nanocubes and gold nanocages), all in aquaculture.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Blust Ronny
• Fellow: Hamidi-Asl Ezat

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This project represents a formal research agreement between UA and on the other hand the Federal Public Service. UA provides the Federal Public Service research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The project aims at supporting the claims of two UAntwerp patents. The technology protected by these patents offer an alternative to "label free detection systems" on the market today, and cover a new platform for fast and accurate detection of selected small molecules.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Blust Ronny
• Co-promoter: Nagels Luc
• Co-promoter: Van Camp Guy

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The project aims at the development of biosensors for small molecules by incorporating globin proteins in nanoporous inorganic or hybrid organic-inorganic materials. This involves globin purification, synthesis and modification of the porous materials, and realization of the electrochemical cell. The structural and electronic properties of the globins will be monitored during the process with resonance Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Van Doorslaer Sabine
• Co-promoter: Cool Pegie
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Dewilde Sylvia
• Co-promoter: Meynen Vera

Research team(s)

• Biophysics and Biomedical Physics

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

In this project, we aim at the targeted immobilization of heme proteins (globins) in different organic/inorganic matrices opening the way to new approaches in electrochemistry. The ideal heme proteins in this context are globins, in which the function of the heme group is controlled by the surrounding protein matrix. Moreover, several globins show redox cycling properties.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Van Doorslaer Sabine
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Dewilde Sylvia
• Co-promoter: Meynen Vera

Research team(s)

• Biophysics and Biomedical Physics

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Impedimetric aptasensors consist out of two key elements: an aptamer as biologic recognition element and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as detection method. A crucial and challenging step in EIS is the interpretation of its data. Therefore, the main goal of this project is a profound analysis of the obtained EIS data, not only limited to the reliability of the data, but also concerning the most appropriate modelling procedure of the experimental data.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Breugelmans Tom

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

To accomplish a sensitive monitoring in health care, food industry and environmental monitoring, there is a high need for rapid, inexpensive and reliable detection methods. Electrochemical biosensors contain these characteristics and are thus ideal for detection of specific target molecules. The main questions of this research are: "Is gelatin, or modified gelatin, a good matrix for biomolecules?", or even more: "Does a (modified) gelatin matrix provide opportunities for the development of sustainable, high quality biosensors?"

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Dewilde Sylvia
• Fellow: Pauwels Martje

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

The project aims to develop a new methodology to study biomolecule/small molecule interactions. The method is based on the construction of an amperometric sensor. This sensor/electrode surface is coated with a bio-recognition element such as an aptamer or an enzyme. If needed, a biocompatible matrix and/or a linking agent will be foreseen to protect the bio-elements towards the bare electrode surface. Small target molecules (such as antibiotics and polychlorinated biphenyls) are injected into the system and the corresponding amperometric signals of the biosensor are recorded. Because of the stability and the selectivity of specific bio-recognition elements towards their target molecules, a robust and selective biosensor can be developed.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Blust Ronny
• Fellow: Pilehvar Sanaz

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This project fits within the research line in which electrochemical affinity sensors for the detection veterinary antimicrobial drugs (antibiotics) in dairy products are developed. Aptamers as more robust and effective biorecognition elements will be immobilized on electrode surface. Fast, cost-effective and sensitive electroanalytical methods will be applied to achieve required analytical characteristics. The prepared sensors will be tested on real samples.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Co-promoter: Blust Ronny

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

"Soft matter" is anything from a well-defined term. It is used to represent a broad class of materials including colloids, polymers, biological specimens and biomaterials. Although the use of such materials becomes increasingly important in nanotechnology, a successful implementation can only be reached through a thorough structural investigation at the nanolevel. Electron microscopy is the most widely used technique to study inorganic (nano)materials, even at the atomic scale. Such investigations however, are far from straightforward when soft matter is considered. Therefore this application aims at an environmental scanning electron microscope as well as a cryo ultramicrotome.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: Bals Sara
• Co-promoter: Adriaensen Dirk
• Co-promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

• Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This present proposal focuses on a method for determination of organic pollutants, e.g. in seawater. This aspect is rather weakly present so far in SHIPFLUX and it could be significantly improved by the present proposal. Endocrine disruptors may or may not be very prominent in atmospheric ship emission but their presence has not been investigated at all so far. But most of all, the developed methodology can probably be expanded to a series of other organic compounds in the marine environment. Development of a direct sensor for organic compounds would advance and simplify the routine monitoring of such compounds significantly.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: Rather Jahangir Ahmad

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

In the past, analytical methodologies have been developed for the characterization of particulate air pollutants. However, further optimization is needed in order to integrate their complementary output into one model. Therefore, efforts will be made to develop a tool which will automatically generate (size-dependent) compositional information on airborne dust samples.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Two research lines can be found in this project: Reinvigorating the research group Environmental Analysis (1) and the development of electrochemical sensors (2). Both research lines can be linked by selecting target molecules with environmental interest when developing electrochemical sensor devices. The electrochemistry research line is based on the expertise of the applicant in the field of (bio)electrochemistry and deals with the development of highly selective electrode materials for the detection of environmentally important compounds. As different catalysts and target molecules can be selected, several applications can be achieved.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Fellow: De Wael Karolien

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

This project represents a formal research agreement between UA and on the other hand Musea en Erfgoed Antwerpen vzw. UA provides Musea en Erfgoed Antwerpen vzw research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract.

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Promoter: Van Grieken Rene

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project

Abstract

Researcher(s)

• Promoter: De Wael Karolien
• Promoter: Van Grieken Rene

Research team(s)

Project type(s)

• Research Project